IPRouted – Welcome to IPRouted

Fiber Color Codes

Posted on April 17, 2016November 10, 2016 by IPR

Fiber Color Codes
Inside the cable or inside each tube in a loose tube cable, individual fibers will be color coded for identification. Fibers follow the convention created for telephone wires except fibers are identified individually, not in pairs. For splicing, like color fibers are spliced to ensure continuity of color codes throughout a cable run.

Fiber Number	Color
1	Blue
2	Orange
3	Green
4	Brown
5	Slate
6	White
7	Red
8	Black
9	Yellow
10	Violet
11	Rose
12	Aqua

Postfix TLS Setup

Posted on April 17, 2016April 17, 2016 by IPR

Configure Postfix to allow secure connections (Short Version)

openssl genrsa -des3 -out mail.domain.tld.key 2048
chmod 600 mail.domain.tld.key
openssl req -new -key mail.domain.tld.key -out mail.domain.tld.csr
openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in mail.domain.tld.csr -signkey mail.domain.tld.key -out mail.domain.tld.crt
openssl rsa -in mail.domain.tld.key -out mail.domain.tld.key.nopass
mv mail.domain.tld.key.nopass mail.domain.tld.key
openssl req -new -x509 -extensions v3_ca -keyout cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 3650
chmod 600 mail.domain.tld.key
chmod 600 cakey.pem
mv mail.domain.tld.key /etc/ssl/private/
mv mail.domain.tld.crt /etc/ssl/certs/
mv cakey.pem /etc/ssl/private/
mv cacert.pem /etc/ssl/certs/
postconf -e ‘smtpd_tls_auth_only = no’
postconf -e ‘smtp_use_tls = yes’
postconf -e ‘smtpd_use_tls = yes’
postconf -e ‘smtp_tls_note_starttls_offer = yes’
postconf -e ‘smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/ssl/private/mail.domain.tld.key’
postconf -e ‘smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/ssl/certs/mail.domain.tld.crt’
postconf -e ‘smtpd_tls_CAfile = /etc/ssl/certs/cacert.pem’
postconf -e ‘smtpd_tls_loglevel = 1’
postconf -e ‘smtpd_tls_received_header = yes’
postconf -e ‘smtpd_tls_session_cache_timeout = 3600s’
postconf -e ‘tls_random_source = dev:/dev/urandom’
postconf -e ‘myhostname = mail.example.com’

ASCII Control Characters

Posted on April 16, 2016 by IPR

ASCII Control Characters 0-255

DEC	OCT	HEX	BIN	Symbol	HTML Number	HTML Name	Description
0	0	0	0	NUL			Null char
1	1	1	1	SOH			Start of Heading
2	2	2	10	STX			Start of Text
3	3	3	11	ETX			End of Text
4	4	4	100	EOT			End of Transmission
5	5	5	101	ENQ			Enquiry
6	6	6	110	ACK			Acknowledgment
7	7	7	111	BEL			Bell
8	10	8	1000	BS			Back Space
9	11	9	1001	HT			Horizontal Tab
10	12	0A	1010	LF			Line Feed
11	13	0B	1011	VT			Vertical Tab
12	14	0C	1100	FF			Form Feed
13	15	0D	1101	CR			Carriage Return
14	16	0E	1110	SO			Shift Out / X-On
15	17	0F	1111	SI			Shift In / X-Off
16	20	10	10000	DLE			Data Line Escape
17	21	11	10001	DC1			Device Control 1 (oft. XON)
18	22	12	10010	DC2			Device Control 2
19	23	13	10011	DC3			Device Control 3 (oft. XOFF)
20	24	14	10100	DC4			Device Control 4
21	25	15	10101	NAK			Negative Acknowledgement
22	26	16	10110	SYN			Synchronous Idle
23	27	17	10111	ETB			End of Transmit Block
24	30	18	11000	CAN			Cancel
25	31	19	11001	EM			End of Medium
26	32	1A	11010	SUB			Substitute
27	33	1B	11011	ESC			Escape
28	34	1C	11100	FS			File Separator
29	35	1D	11101	GS			Group Separator
30	36	1E	11110	RS			Record Separator
31	37	1F	11111	US			Unit Separator
32	40	20	100000				Space
33	41	21	100001	!	!		Exclamation mark
34	42	22	100010	“	"	"	Double quotes (or speech marks)
35	43	23	100011	#	#		Number
36	44	24	100100	$	$		Dollar
37	45	25	100101	%	%		Procenttecken
38	46	26	100110	&	&	&	Ampersand
39	47	27	100111	‘	'		Single quote
40	50	28	101000	(	(		Open parenthesis (or open bracket)
41	51	29	101001	)	)		Close parenthesis (or close bracket)
42	52	2A	101010	*	*		Asterisk
43	53	2B	101011	+	+		Plus
44	54	2C	101100	,	,		Comma
45	55	2D	101101	–	-		Hyphen
46	56	2E	101110	.	.		Period, dot or full stop
47	57	2F	101111	/	/		Slash or divide
48	60	30	110000	0	0		Zero
49	61	31	110001	1	1		One
50	62	32	110010	2	2		Two
51	63	33	110011	3	3		Three
52	64	34	110100	4	4		Four
53	65	35	110101	5	5		Five
54	66	36	110110	6	6		Six
55	67	37	110111	7	7		Seven
56	70	38	111000	8	8		Eight
57	71	39	111001	9	9		Nine
58	72	3A	111010	:	:		Colon
59	73	3B	111011	;	;		Semicolon
60	74	3C	111100	<	<	<	Less than (or open angled bracket)
61	75	3D	111101	=	=		Equals
62	76	3E	111110	>	>	>	Greater than (or close angled bracket)
63	77	3F	111111	?	?		Question mark
64	100	40	1000000	@	@		At symbol
65	101	41	1000001	A	A		Uppercase A
66	102	42	1000010	B	B		Uppercase B
67	103	43	1000011	C	C		Uppercase C
68	104	44	1000100	D	D		Uppercase D
69	105	45	1000101	E	E		Uppercase E
70	106	46	1000110	F	F		Uppercase F
71	107	47	1000111	G	G		Uppercase G
72	110	48	1001000	H	H		Uppercase H
73	111	49	1001001	I	I		Uppercase I
74	112	4A	1001010	J	J		Uppercase J
75	113	4B	1001011	K	K		Uppercase K
76	114	4C	1001100	L	L		Uppercase L
77	115	4D	1001101	M	M		Uppercase M
78	116	4E	1001110	N	N		Uppercase N
79	117	4F	1001111	O	O		Uppercase O
80	120	50	1010000	P	P		Uppercase P
81	121	51	1010001	Q	Q		Uppercase Q
82	122	52	1010010	R	R		Uppercase R
83	123	53	1010011	S	S		Uppercase S
84	124	54	1010100	T	T		Uppercase T
85	125	55	1010101	U	U		Uppercase U
86	126	56	1010110	V	V		Uppercase V
87	127	57	1010111	W	W		Uppercase W
88	130	58	1011000	X	X		Uppercase X
89	131	59	1011001	Y	Y		Uppercase Y
90	132	5A	1011010	Z	Z		Uppercase Z
91	133	5B	1011011	[	[		Opening bracket
92	134	5C	1011100	\	\		Backslash
93	135	5D	1011101	]	]		Closing bracket
94	136	5E	1011110	^	^		Caret – circumflex
95	137	5F	1011111	_	_		Underscore
96	140	60	1100000	`	`		Grave accent
97	141	61	1100001	a	a		Lowercase a
98	142	62	1100010	b	b		Lowercase b
99	143	63	1100011	c	c		Lowercase c
100	144	64	1100100	d	d		Lowercase d
101	145	65	1100101	e	e		Lowercase e
102	146	66	1100110	f	f		Lowercase f
103	147	67	1100111	g	g		Lowercase g
104	150	68	1101000	h	h		Lowercase h
105	151	69	1101001	i	i		Lowercase i
106	152	6A	1101010	j	j		Lowercase j
107	153	6B	1101011	k	k		Lowercase k
108	154	6C	1101100	l	l		Lowercase l
109	155	6D	1101101	m	m		Lowercase m
110	156	6E	1101110	n	n		Lowercase n
111	157	6F	1101111	o	o		Lowercase o
112	160	70	1110000	p	p		Lowercase p
113	161	71	1110001	q	q		Lowercase q
114	162	72	1110010	r	r		Lowercase r
115	163	73	1110011	s	s		Lowercase s
116	164	74	1110100	t	t		Lowercase t
117	165	75	1110101	u	u		Lowercase u
118	166	76	1110110	v	v		Lowercase v
119	167	77	1110111	w	w		Lowercase w
120	170	78	1111000	x	x		Lowercase x
121	171	79	1111001	y	y		Lowercase y
122	172	7A	1111010	z	z		Lowercase z
123	173	7B	1111011	{	{		Opening brace
124	174	7C	1111100	\|	\|		Vertical bar
125	175	7D	1111101	}	}		Closing brace
126	176	7E	1111110	~	~		Equivalency sign – tilde
127	177	7F	1111111				Delete
128	200	80	10000000	€		€	Euro sign
129	201	81	10000001
130	202	82	10000010	‚		&sbquo;	Single low-9 quotation mark
131	203	83	10000011	ƒ		&fnof;	Latin small letter f with hook
132	204	84	10000100	„		&bdquo;	Double low-9 quotation mark
133	205	85	10000101	…		…	Horizontal ellipsis
134	206	86	10000110	†		&dagger;	Dagger
135	207	87	10000111	‡		&Dagger;	Double dagger
136	210	88	10001000	ˆ		&circ;	Modifier letter circumflex accent
137	211	89	10001001	‰		&permil;	Per mille sign
138	212	8A	10001010	Š		&Scaron;	Latin capital letter S with caron
139	213	8B	10001011	‹		&lsaquo;	Single left-pointing angle quotation
140	214	8C	10001100	Œ		&OElig;	Latin capital ligature OE
141	215	8D	10001101
142	216	8E	10001110	Ž			Latin captial letter Z with caron
143	217	8F	10001111
144	220	90	10010000
145	221	91	10010001	‘		‘	Left single quotation mark
146	222	92	10010010	’		’	Right single quotation mark
147	223	93	10010011	“		“	Left double quotation mark
148	224	94	10010100	”		”	Right double quotation mark
149	225	95	10010101	•		•	Bullet
150	226	96	10010110	–		–	En dash
151	227	97	10010111	—		—	Em dash
152	230	98	10011000	˜		&tilde;	Small tilde
153	231	99	10011001	™		™	Trade mark sign
154	232	9A	10011010	š		&scaron;	Latin small letter S with caron
155	233	9B	10011011	›		&rsaquo;	Single right-pointing angle quotation mark
156	234	9C	10011100	œ		&oelig;	Latin small ligature oe
157	235	9D	10011101
158	236	9E	10011110	ž			Latin small letter z with caron
159	237	9F	10011111	Ÿ		&Yuml;	Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis
160	240	A0	10100000				Non-breaking space
161	241	A1	10100001	¡	¡	¡	Inverted exclamation mark
162	242	A2	10100010	¢	¢	¢	Cent sign
163	243	A3	10100011	£	£	£	Pound sign
164	244	A4	10100100	¤	¤	¤	Currency sign
165	245	A5	10100101	¥	¥	¥	Yen sign
166	246	A6	10100110	¦	¦	¦	Pipe, Broken vertical bar
167	247	A7	10100111	§	§	§	Section sign
168	250	A8	10101000	¨	¨	¨	Spacing diaeresis – umlaut
169	251	A9	10101001	©	©	©	Copyright sign
170	252	AA	10101010	ª	ª	ª	Feminine ordinal indicator
171	253	AB	10101011	«	«	«	Left double angle quotes
172	254	AC	10101100	¬	¬	¬	Not sign
173	255	AD	10101101				Soft hyphen
174	256	AE	10101110	®	®	®	Registered trade mark sign
175	257	AF	10101111	¯	¯	¯	Spacing macron – overline
176	260	B0	10110000	°	°	°	Degree sign
177	261	B1	10110001	±	±	±	Plus-or-minus sign
178	262	B2	10110010	²	²	²	Superscript two – squared
179	263	B3	10110011	³	³	³	Superscript three – cubed
180	264	B4	10110100	´	´	´	Acute accent – spacing acute
181	265	B5	10110101	µ	µ	µ	Micro sign
182	266	B6	10110110	¶	¶	¶	Pilcrow sign – paragraph sign
183	267	B7	10110111	·	·	·	Middle dot – Georgian comma
184	270	B8	10111000	¸	¸	¸	Spacing cedilla
185	271	B9	10111001	¹	¹	¹	Superscript one
186	272	BA	10111010	º	º	º	Masculine ordinal indicator
187	273	BB	10111011	»	»	»	Right double angle quotes
188	274	BC	10111100	¼	¼	¼	Fraction one quarter
189	275	BD	10111101	½	½	½	Fraction one half
190	276	BE	10111110	¾	¾	¾	Fraction three quarters
191	277	BF	10111111	¿	¿	¿	Inverted question mark
192	300	C0	11000000	À	À	À	Latin capital letter A with grave
193	301	C1	11000001	Á	Á	Á	Latin capital letter A with acute
194	302	C2	11000010	Â	Â	Â	Latin capital letter A with circumflex
195	303	C3	11000011	Ã	Ã	Ã	Latin capital letter A with tilde
196	304	C4	11000100	Ä	Ä	Ä	Latin capital letter A with diaeresis
197	305	C5	11000101	Å	Å	Å	Latin capital letter A with ring above
198	306	C6	11000110	Æ	Æ	Æ	Latin capital letter AE
199	307	C7	11000111	Ç	Ç	Ç	Latin capital letter C with cedilla
200	310	C8	11001000	È	È	È	Latin capital letter E with grave
201	311	C9	11001001	É	É	É	Latin capital letter E with acute
202	312	CA	11001010		Ê	Ê	Latin capital letter E with circumflex
203	313	CB	11001011	Ë	Ë	Ë	Latin capital letter E with diaeresis
204	314	CC	11001100	Ì	Ì	Ì	Latin capital letter I with grave
205	315	CD	11001101	Í	Í	Í	Latin capital letter I with acute
206	316	CE	11001110	Î	Î	Î	Latin capital letter I with circumflex
207	317	CF	11001111	Ï	Ï	Ï	Latin capital letter I with diaeresis
208	320	D0	11010000	Ð	Ð	Ð	Latin capital letter ETH
209	321	D1	11010001	Ñ	Ñ	Ñ	Latin capital letter N with tilde
210	322	D2	11010010	Ò	Ò	Ò	Latin capital letter O with grave
211	323	D3	11010011	Ó	Ó	Ó	Latin capital letter O with acute
212	324	D4	11010100	Ô	Ô	Ô	Latin capital letter O with circumflex
213	325	D5	11010101	Õ	Õ	Õ	Latin capital letter O with tilde
214	326	D6	11010110	Ö	Ö	Ö	Latin capital letter O with diaeresis
215	327	D7	11010111	×	×	×	Multiplication sign
216	330	D8	11011000	Ø	Ø	Ø	Latin capital letter O with slash
217	331	D9	11011001	Ù	Ù	Ù	Latin capital letter U with grave
218	332	DA	11011010	Ú	Ú	Ú	Latin capital letter U with acute
219	333	DB	11011011	Û	Û	Û	Latin capital letter U with circumflex
220	334	DC	11011100	Ü	Ü	Ü	Latin capital letter U with diaeresis
221	335	DD	11011101	Ý	Ý	Ý	Latin capital letter Y with acute
222	336	DE	11011110	Þ	Þ	Þ	Latin capital letter THORN
223	337	DF	11011111	ß	ß	ß	Latin small letter sharp s – ess-zed
224	340	E0	11100000	à	à	à	Latin small letter a with grave
225	341	E1	11100001	á	á	á	Latin small letter a with acute
226	342	E2	11100010	â	â	â	Latin small letter a with circumflex
227	343	E3	11100011	ã	ã	ã	Latin small letter a with tilde
228	344	E4	11100100	ä	ä	ä	Latin small letter a with diaeresis
229	345	E5	11100101	å	å	å	Latin small letter a with ring above
230	346	E6	11100110	æ	æ	æ	Latin small letter ae
231	347	E7	11100111	ç	ç	ç	Latin small letter c with cedilla
232	350	E8	11101000	è	è	è	Latin small letter e with grave
233	351	E9	11101001	é	é	é	Latin small letter e with acute
234	352	EA	11101010	ê	ê	ê	Latin small letter e with circumflex
235	353	EB	11101011	ë	ë	ë	Latin small letter e with diaeresis
236	354	EC	11101100	ì	ì	ì	Latin small letter i with grave
237	355	ED	11101101	í	í	í	Latin small letter i with acute
238	356	EE	11101110	î	î	î	Latin small letter i with circumflex
239	357	EF	11101111	ï	ï	ï	Latin small letter i with diaeresis
240	360	F0	11110000	ð	ð	ð	Latin small letter eth
241	361	F1	11110001	ñ	ñ	ñ	Latin small letter n with tilde
242	362	F2	11110010	ò	ò	ò	Latin small letter o with grave
243	363	F3	11110011	ó	ó	ó	Latin small letter o with acute
244	364	F4	11110100	ô	ô	ô	Latin small letter o with circumflex
245	365	F5	11110101	õ	õ	õ	Latin small letter o with tilde
246	366	F6	11110110	ö	ö	ö	Latin small letter o with diaeresis
247	367	F7	11110111	÷	÷	÷	Division sign
248	370	F8	11111000	ø	ø	ø	Latin small letter o with slash
249	371	F9	11111001	ù	ù	ù	Latin small letter u with grave
250	372	FA	11111010	ú	ú	ú	Latin small letter u with acute
251	373	FB	11111011	û	û	û	Latin small letter u with circumflex
252	374	FC	11111100	ü	ü	ü	Latin small letter u with diaeresis
253	375	FD	11111101	ý	ý	ý	Latin small letter y with acute
254	376	FE	11111110	þ	þ	þ	Latin small letter thorn
255	377	FF	11111111	ÿ	ÿ	ÿ	Latin small letter y with diaeresis

Fiber Optics Acronyms

Posted on March 31, 2016April 4, 2016 by IPR

Acronyms:

SFP： Small Form Factor Pluggable

XFP： 10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable

MU： Miniature Unit

The MU connector, developed by NTT in Japan, is a Small Form Factor (SFF) connector, and can be considered a smaller SC style connector. It is based on a 1.25mm ceramic ferrule and is available in simplex, duplex and higher gangable styles.

LC： Lucent Connector

A small form factor ceramic based connector developed by Lucent.

SC： Subscriber Connector

Originally developed by NTT, the SC connector has a push/pull snap fit. The duplex SC connector uses the same mating profile as the simplex design. A number of SC suppliers actually clip simplex SC connectors together to form the duplex version..

FC： Fiber Connector

The FC connector has a screw-on mating style. Primarily used in the telecom industry, the FC is a robust, highly reliable design.

MTRJ： ‘MT’ ferrule， Register Jack latch

This connector is radically different than the other connectors shown, in large part, due to the single ferrule that handles two fibers. This is the first of the Small Form Factor (SFF) connector designs to reach a measure of market acceptance. The MT-RJ is a variation of the reliable MT-ferrule connector series, the first major multi-fiber ferrule design.

ST： Straight Tip

Developed by AT&T, the ST connector (for Straight Tip) has been a perennial favorite for its termination simplicity and low cost.

How To Factory Default Cisco Routers

Posted on March 30, 2016March 30, 2016 by IPR

To factory default a Cisco router, you will need to run a couple commands in “rommon”. Send a break a few times to force the router in to rommon. Do this immediately after powering on the router.

rommon>confreg 0x2142
rommon>reset

The router will reload and the config should be wiped. Once you are back in “enable” mode again, you will need to change the config register back to 0x2102. If you fail to do this, your config changes will not save after a reload or power cycle.

Router(config)#config-register 0x2102
Router(config)#end
Router#write memory

Listed below are other configuration register settings:

0x102
Ignores break
9600 console baud

0x1202
1200 baud rate

0x2101
Boots into bootstrap
Ignores break
Boots into ROM if initial boot fails
9600 console baud rate

0x2102
Ignores break
Boots into ROM if initial boot fails
9600 console baud rate default value for most platforms

0x2120
Boots into ROMmon
19200 console speed

0x2122
Ignores break
Boots into ROM if initial boot fails
19200 console baud rate

0x2124
NetBoot
Ignores break
Boots into ROM if initial boot fails
19200 console speed

0x2142
Ignores break
Boots into ROM if initial boot fails
9600 console baud rate
Ignores the contents of Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM) (ignores configuration)

0x2902
Ignores break
Boots into ROM if initial boot fails
4800 console baud rate

0x2922
Ignores break
Boots into ROM if initial boot fails
38400 console baud rate

0x3122
Ignores break
Boots into ROM if initial boot fails
57600 console baud rate

0x3902
Ignores break
Boots into ROM if initial boot fails
2400 console baud rate

0x3922
Ignores break
Boots into ROM if initial boot fails
115200 console baud rate

DWDM Channels

Posted on March 26, 2016March 26, 2016 by IPR

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Channel	Wavelength(nm)	Frequency(GHz)	Frequency(THz)
1	1,577.03	190,100	190.1
2	1,576.20	190,200	190.2
3	1,575.37	190,300	190.3
4	1,574.54	190,400	190.4
5	1,573.71	190,500	190.5
6	1,572.89	190,600	190.6
7	1,572.06	190,700	190.7
8	1,571.24	190,800	190.8
9	1,570.42	190,900	190.9
10	1,569.59	191,000	191.0
11	1,568.77	191,100	191.1
12	1,567.95	191,200	191.2
13	1,567.13	191,300	191.3
14	1,566.31	191,400	191.4
15	1,565.50	191,500	191.5
16	1,564.68	191,600	191.6
17	1,563.86	191,700	191.7
18	1,563.05	191,800	191.8
19	1,562.23	191,900	191.9
20	1,561.42	192,000	192.0
21	1,560.61	192,100	192.1
22	1,559.79	192,200	192.2
23	1,558.98	192,300	192.3
24	1,558.17	192,400	192.4
25	1,557.36	192,500	192.5
26	1,556.55	192,600	192.6
27	1,555.75	192,700	192.7
28	1,554.94	192,800	192.8
29	1,554.13	192,900	192.9
30	1,553.33	193,000	193.0
31	1,552.52	193,100	193.1
32	1,551.72	193,200	193.2
33	1,550.92	193,300	193.3
34	1,550.12	193,400	193.4
35	1,549.32	193,500	193.5
36	1,548.51	193,600	193.6
37	1,547.72	193,700	193.7
38	1,546.92	193,800	193.8
39	1,546.12	193,900	193.9
40	1,545.32	194,000	194.0
41	1,544.53	194,100	194.1
42	1,543.73	194,200	194.2
43	1,542.94	194,300	194.3
44	1,542.14	194,400	194.4
45	1,541.35	194,500	194.5
46	1,540.56	194,600	194.6
47	1,539.77	194,700	194.7
48	1,538.98	194,800	194.8
49	1,538.19	194,900	194.9
50	1,537.40	195,000	195.0
51	1,536.61	195,100	195.1
52	1,535.82	195,200	195.2
53	1,535.04	195,300	195.3
54	1,534.25	195,400	195.4
55	1,533.47	195,500	195.5
56	1,532.68	195,600	195.6
57	1,531.90	195,700	195.7
58	1,531.12	195,800	195.8
59	1,530.33	195,900	195.9
60	1,529.55	196,000	196.0
61	1,528.77	196,100	196.1
62	1,527.99	196,200	196.2
63	1,527.22	196,300	196.3
64	1,526.44	196,400	196.4
65	1,525.66	196,500	196.5
66	1,524.89	196,600	196.6
67	1,524.11	196,700	196.7
68	1,523.34	196,800	196.8
69	1,522.56	196,900	196.9
70	1,521.79	197,000	197.0
71	1,521.02	197,100	197.1
72	1,520.25	197,200	197.2
73	1,519.48	197,300	197.3
74	1,518.71	197,400	197.4
75	1,517.94	197,500	197.5
76	1,517.17	197,600	197.6
77	1,516.40	197,700	197.7
78	1,515.63	197,800	197.8
79	1,514.87	197,900	197.9
80	1,514.10	198,000	198.0

Bandwidth Comparison

Posted on March 26, 2016March 26, 2016 by IPR

Technology	Rate
LocalTalk	230 kbit/s	28.8 kB/s
Econet	800 kbit/s	100 kB/s
Omninet	1 Mbit/s	125 kB/s
IBM PC Network	2 Mbit/s	250 kB/s
ARCNET (Standard)	2.5 Mbit/s	312.5 kB/s
Token Ring (Original)	4 Mbit/s	500 kB/s
Ethernet (10BASE-T)	10 Mbit/s	1.25 MB/s
Token Ring (Later)	16 Mbit/s	2 MB/s
ARCnet Plus	20 Mbit/s	2.5 MB/s
TNCS	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s
100VG	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s
Token Ring IEEE 802.5t	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s
Fast Ethernet (100BASE-TX)	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s
FDDI	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s
MoCA 1.0[25]	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s
MoCA 1.1[25]	175 Mbit/s	21.875 MB/s
HomePlug AV	200 Mbit/s	25 MB/s
FireWire (IEEE 1394) 400	400 Mbit/s	50 MB/s
HIPPI	800 Mbit/s	100 MB/s
IEEE 1901	1000 Mbit/s	125 MB/s
Token Ring IEEE 802.5v	1 Gbit/s	125 MB/s
Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T)	1 Gbit/s	125 MB/s
Reflective memory or RFM2	2 Gbit/s	235 MB/s
Myrinet 2000	2 Gbit/s	250 MB/s
Infiniband SDR 1_[28]	2 Gbit/s	250 MB/s
RapidIO Gen1 1x	2.5 Gbit/s	312.5 MB/s
Quadrics QsNetI	3.6 Gbit/s	450 MB/s
Infiniband DDR	4 Gbit/s	500 MB/s
RapidIO Gen2 1x	5 Gbit/s	625 MB/s
Infiniband QDR 1_[28]	8 Gbit/s	1 GB/s
Infiniband SDR 4_[28]	8 Gbit/s	1 GB/s
Quadrics QsNetII	8 Gbit/s	1 GB/s
RapidIO Gen1 4x	10 Gbit/s	1.25 GB/s
RapidIO Gen2 2x	10 Gbit/s	1.25 GB/s
10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-X)	10 Gbit/s	1.25 GB/s
Myri 10G	10 Gbit/s	1.25 GB/s
Infiniband FDR-10	10.31 Gbit/s	1.29 GB/s
Infiniband FDR 1	13.64 Gbit/s	1.7 GB/s
Infiniband DDR 4	16 Gbit/s	2 GB/s
RapidIO Gen2 4x	20 Gbit/s	2.5 GB/s
Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) Dual Chann	20 Gbit/s	2.5 GB/s
Infiniband SDR 12	24 Gbit/s	3 GB/s
Infiniband EDR 1	25 Gbit/s	3.125 GB/s
Infiniband QDR 4	32 Gbit/s	4 GB/s
RapidIO Gen2 8x	40 Gbit/s	5 GB/s
40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GBASE-X)	40 Gbit/s	5 GB/s
Infiniband FDR-10	41.25 Gbit/s	5.16 GB/s
Infiniband DDR 12	48 Gbit/s	6 GB/s
Infiniband FDR 4	54.54 Gbit/s	6.82 GB/s
RapidIO Gen2 16x	80 Gbit/s	10 GB/s
Infiniband QDR 12	96 Gbit/s	12 GB/s
Infiniband EDR 4	100 Gbit/s	12.5 GB/s
100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GBASE-X)	100 Gbit/s	12.5 GB/s
Infiniband FDR-10 12	123.75 Gbit/s	15.47 GB/s
Infiniband FDR 12	163.64 Gbit/s	20.45 GB/s
Infiniband EDR 12	300 Gbit/s	37.5 GB/s

Optical Carrier (SONET):
OC-1 51.48Mbps Optical Carrier SONET – All OC-n are 51.48*n Mbps
OC-3 155.52Mbps Optical Carrier SONET
OC-12 622.08Mbps Optical Carrier SONET
OC-48 2.4Gbps Optical Carrier SONET
OC-192 9.6Gbps Optical Carrier SONET
OC-256 13.1Gbps Optical Carrier SONET
OC-768 40Gbps Optical Carrier SONET

T Carrier:
T1 1.544Mbps 24 DS0 channels, equivalent to 1 DS1
T1C 3.152Mbps 48 channels
T2 6.312Mbps 96 channels
T3 44.736Mbps 672 channels
T4 274.176Mbs 4032 channels
E1 2.048Mbps 30 64Kbps channels + 2 64Kbps D, aka European T1
DS0 64Kbps 1 channel, same rate in NA, Japan, and Europe
DS1 1.544Mbps 24 channels (T1)
DS1C 3.152Mbps 48 channels (T1C)
DS2 6.312Mbps 96 channels (T2)
DS3 44.736Mbps 672 channels (T3)
DS4 274.176Mbps 4032 channels (T4)
DS1 Japan 1.544Mbps 24 channels
DS2 Japan 6.312Mbps 96 channels
DS3 Japan 32.064Mbps 480 channels
DS4 Japan 97.728Mbps 1440 channels
DS5 Japan 400.352Mbps 5760 channels
DS1 Euro 2.048Mbps 30 channels + 2 D channels (E1)
DS2 Euro 8.448Mbps 120 channels + 2 D
DS3 Euro 34.368Mbps 480 channels + 2 D
DS4 Euro 139.268Mbps 1920 channels + 2 D
DS5 Euro 565.148Mbps 7680 channels + 2 D

Mysql Commands

Posted on March 26, 2016March 26, 2016 by IPR

Create a Mysql Database
$ mysql -u adminusername -p
mysql> CREATE DATABASE db_name;
mysql> mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON db_name.* TO “db_user”@”localhost” IDENTIFIED BY “passsword”;
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
mysql> EXIT

Backup a Mysql Database
mysqldump -u db_user -p db_name > dumped_db.sql

Restore a Mysql Database
mysql -p -u db_user db_name < dumped_db.sql

IPV6 Reference

Posted on March 26, 2016March 26, 2016 by admin

2001:0db8:0123:4567:89ab:cdef:1234:5678
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| ||||
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||128     Single end-points and loopback
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||127   Point-to-point links (inter-router)
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| ||124
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |120
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| 116
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||112
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| ||108
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |104
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| 100
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||96
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| ||92
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |88
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||| 84
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||80
|||| |||| |||| |||| ||76
|||| |||| |||| |||| |72
|||| |||| |||| |||| 68
|||| |||| |||| |||64   Single End-user LAN (default prefix size for SLAAC)
|||| |||| |||| ||60   Some (very limited) 6rd deployments (/60 = 16 /64)
|||| |||| |||| |56   Minimal end sites assignment^[3] (e.g. Home network) (/56 = 256 /64)
|||| |||| |||| 52   (/52 = 4096 /64)
|||| |||| |||48   Typical assignment for larger sites (/48 = 65536 /64)
|||| |||| ||44
|||| |||| |40
|||| |||| 36   possible future Local Internet registry extra-small allocations
|||| |||32   Local Internet registry minimum allocations
|||| ||28   Local Internet registry medium allocations
|||| |24   Local Internet registry large allocations
|||| 20   Local Internet registry extra large allocations
|||16
||12   Regional Internet Registry allocations from IANA^[4]
|8
4

IPV6 explained by Kieth Barker https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rljkNMySmuM
Google’s IPV6 usage chart https://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics.html

IPV4 Subnet Reference

Posted on March 26, 2016March 30, 2016 by admin

CIDR Length	Mask	# Networks	# Hosts
/1	128.0.0.0	128 A	2,147,483,392
/2	192.0.0.0	64 A	1,073,741,696
/3	224.0.0.0	32 A	536,870,848
/4	240.0.0.0	16 A	268,435,424
/5	248.0.0.0	8 A	134,217,712
/6	252.0.0.0	4 A	67,108,856
/7	254.0.0.0	2 A	33,554,428
/8	255.0.0.0	1 A	16,777,214
/9	255.128.0.0	128 B	8,388,352
/10	255.192.0.0	64 B	4,194,176
/11	255.224.0.0	32 B	2,097,088
/12	255.240.0.0	16 B	1,048,544
/13	255.248.0.0	8 B	524,272
/14	255.252.0.0	4 B	262,136
/15	255.254.0.0	2 B	131,068
/16	255.255.0.0	1 B	65,024
/17	255.255.128.0	128 C	32,512
/18	255.255.192.0	64 C	16,256
/19	255.255.224.0	32 C	8,128
/20	255.255.240.0	16 C	4,064
/21	255.255.248.0	8 C	2,032
/22	255.255.252.0	4 C	1,016
/23	255.255.254.0	2 C	508
/24	255.255.255.0	1 C	254
/25	255.255.255.128	2 subnets	124
/26	255.255.255.192	4 subnets	62
/27	255.255.255.224	8 subnets	30
/28	255.255.255.240	16 subnets	14
/29	255.255.255.248	32 subnets	6
/30	255.255.255.252	64 subnets	2
/31	255.255.255.254	none	none
/32	255.255.255.255	1/256 C	1